Fatigue resistance is a essential factor to consider when designing engineering structures subjected to cyclic loading. Failure due to fatigue can occur over time as the material experiences accumulated damage, eventually leading to fracture. To enhance fatigue resistance, engineers employ a variety

Shot peening has proven to be a highly effective method for enhancing the fatigue life of metallic components. By introducing compressive residual stresses into the surface layer of materials, shot peening effectively mitigates crack initiation and propagation, thereby significantly improving their